SINGAPORE—China reported surprisingly robust economic activity to start the year, giving Beijing some wind at its back as it faces the prospect of increased tensions with President Trump’s second administration.

Retail sales, a measure of consumer spending in China, accelerated, and investment and industrial production grew more than expected, though unemployment rose to a two-year high, and the beleaguered property market remained under pressure, according to official data.

The numbers come a day after Beijing released a policy plan to expand domestic consumption, including raising wages, increasing pensions and creating incentives for childbirth . The plan was the latest acknowledgment of the urgency in Beijing to find alternatives to export-led growth, but was light on specifics, such as whether new funding would be allocated to its policies, or how local governments would implement the proposed measures.

China earlier this month set an ambitious growth target of about 5% for 2025 and pledged to step up spending and boost domestic demand to stimulate a sluggish economy that is threatened by an escalating trade war with the U.S. The 5% growth target, unchanged from a year earlier, projected a sense of continuity as the Trump administration upends long-held assumptions about the global economic order .

In the two months since his return to office, Trump has put an additional 20% tariff on all Chinese goods and imposed an extra 25% duty on steel and aluminum imports.

China reported weaker-than-expected growth in the export sector to start 2025, which was a key engine of China’s economy last year—and which stands to take a hit as tariff barriers rise around the world. China also recently reported a drop in consumer prices for the first time in a year, a reflection of a larger disinflationary environment that has prompted Chinese leaders to call for more spending by households and businesses. Loans and credit data for February also came in below expectations.

On Monday, China said retail sales in the first two months of the year increased 4% from the same period a year earlier, up from December’s 3.7% year-over-year growth, according to figures published by China’s National Bureau of Statistics. China combines January and February data each year to iron out distortions brought by the shifting timing of the Lunar New Year holiday.

Chinese leaders have identified boosting domestic consumption as their top policy priority for 2025, a move that economists say has become critical as Trump administration tariffs hinder Beijing’s ability to rely on exports to boost growth.

China said industrial production in January and February rose 5.9% from a year earlier, more than economists’ expectations for a 5.4% increase but down from the 6.2% year-over-year gain in December.

Production of new energy vehicles, which includes electric vehicles, 3-D printing equipment and industrial robots jumped 48%, 30%, and 27% year-over-year, respectively, according to the data. Investment in buildings, equipment and other fixed assets rose 4.1% for the same period compared with a year prior.

The real-estate sector, a sore spot in China’s economy, continued to struggle. Property investment fell 9.8% year over year during the first two months of the year. New construction starts dropped by about 30% from the year prior.

Many economists say a sustained recovery in China’s property market is essential to repairing consumer sentiment and increasing spending, given how important real estate is to household wealth levels in the country.

China’s headline measure of joblessness, the urban unemployment rate, rose to 5.4% in February, its highest level since February 2023, up from 5.2% in January and 5.1% in December, according to the data. The metric isn’t seasonally adjusted.

The Carpathian Mountains are a horseshoe-shaped range that arcs from central to southeastern Europe. From their western edge in Austria and the Czech Republic, the Carpathians rise clockwise through Slovakia and southern Poland, curve around the Hungarian plains and through western Ukraine, run south into Romania, then turn back westward and finally protrude into northern Serbia. There are wild patches in Europe’s other major ranges, but the Carpathians have forests where the Alps have ski resorts and brown bears where the Pyrenees have the microstate of Andorra. The Carpathians are the last wild place in a crowded continent.

The Carpathians, Nick Thorpe writes in “Walking Europe’s Last Wilderness,” are the “geographical center of Europe.” Their peaks and ridges form the watershed between the Baltic Sea to the north and the Black Sea to the southeast. As geography shapes history and history shapes peoples, the mountains are a political “fault line between East and West.” Once contained within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Carpathians now curve through six European Union states, one candidate state (Serbia) and Ukraine, whose future is uncertain.

The cover art of “Walking Europe’s Last Wilderness” evokes John Craxton’s designs for Patrick Leigh Fermor’s travelogues “A Time of Gifts” (1977) and “Between the Woods and the Water” (1986). Though Mr. Thorpe describes the enduring exoticism of hospitable huts, historical grudges, handmade goat cheese and homebrewed  pálinka  fruit spirits, this is not a romanticizing epic from a lost era. Mr. Thorpe is a hiker and camper, and always ready to go barefoot in the meadows, but he lives in Budapest, one of the cities of the plains that surround the Carpathians. A BBC reporter, he launched a series of episodic explorations between 2018 and 2024. He has compiled a richly textured report on an ancient terrain that is being remade into a new political and economic landscape.

The nation-states of the region were created in the 19th and early 20th centuries by “unraveling the complex web of religious, cultural and linguistic threads that characterized Europe.” The nation-builders suppressed “local dialects, vernaculars and identities” and then the Soviets suppressed the nations. The mountains still hide the remnants of the peoples who neither attained statehood nor succumbed: Liptos, Lemkos, Boykos, Hutsuls, Bukovinians, Szeklers, Ruthenians. The revival of the nation-states and their economies after the Cold War threatens to erase the last traces of local identity.

Samo Hríbik, a shepherd in Slovakia, finds his flock by starlight without the help of a dog and fashions traditional  fujara  flutes, whose “long, shuddering notes,” Mr. Thorpe writes, suggest “the wind buffeting a thatched roof.” In western Ukraine, the 86-year-old Vasyl Kischuk puts on his traditional white smock and brown hat and demonstrates the  trembita , the traditional Hutsul wooden trumpet, and a “deep, mournful sound fills the meadow.”

As memories and traditional crafts are fading, incomers are reviving them. Mr. Thorpe meets brewers, cheesemakers, environmentalists and animal lovers mapping migration corridors for brown bears amid the refugee crisis caused by the Ukraine war. Oreste Del Sol, a Paris-born anarchist who shows Mr. Thorpe around his farm and the local slow-food cheese factory in the Ukrainian village of Nyzhnje Selyshche, tells him that being a shepherd in Ukraine is “illegal, or a-legal.” The production and sale of cheese is unregulated. The cheese, Mr. Thorpe finds, is “magnificent.”

For Slovaks, it is the mountains that matter; their national coat of arms carries three stylized ranges. Hungarians, however, speak of the “Carpathian basin” as their homeland and its ring of mountains as a lost shield against invaders. Romanians, whose country is bisected north-south by the Carpathians’ eastern flank, trace their origins to the Dacians, one of whose ancient tribes, the Carpi, gives the name of the mountains. For all their governments, forestry is big business. There are still “primeval forests” in the Carpathians, untouched by humans. There are many “old-growth” forests that were too remote or located on terrain too steep to be exploited in the past. There are also “buffer zones” such as national parks. But the forestry companies now have modern cutting technology and transport, and satellite imagery.

The bouncy IKEA Pöang chair in Mr. Thorpe’s Budapest home is made from beechwood. Romania has two-thirds of Europe’s old-growth forests and IKEA is “the largest private forest owner in Romania.” On paper, IKEA is a “champion of sustainable forestry.” Environmentalists claim, however, that some of its beechwood is “illegally logged—or, at best, over-logged.” IKEA insists it practices “responsible forest management.” Mr. Thorpe goes to a hilltop near Romania’s border with Ukraine. Google Maps shows it “thickly forested.” Mr. Thorpe finds only stumps and scattered branches.

Romsilva, the state forestry company, manages about two-thirds of Romania’s forests. It is charged with both protecting national parks and exploiting a national asset. According to the Romanian Forestry Inventory, 18 million cubic meters (about 635 million cubic feet) of timber were legally felled annually between 2014 and 2017, but “a further 18 million cubic meters were cut illegally each year.” Between 2010 and 2020, 600 members of the Forestry Guard were assaulted after intervening to stop illegal logging. Six were killed.

When Mr. Thorpe leaves the Slovakian capital of Bratislava, he notices that a “gulf of sheer incomprehension has opened up between the village and the city.” The gulf never narrows. “The mountain people, those born and bred here, don’t do much walking in the mountains,” says Sergiu Frusinoiu, a Romanian working with a mountain rescue group. Romania’s “bear problem” is worsening as humans expand into the mountainous territory of its large carnivores: bears, wolves, lynx and jackals. New roads cut across bear migration routes. New towns increase human-carnivore contact. The bears are learning to see humans as a source of food. The Romanian government will allow “the hunting of nearly 500 bears by the end of 2025.” Foreigners, Germans especially, will pay up to 20,000 euros to kill a big male. But no one can agree how many bears there are in Romania, or whether there are really “too many.”

The mayor of Băile Tușnad has educated his townspeople, spent €10,000 on bear-proof trash cans, and cut down the fruiting apple and plum trees in his town. The bears no longer come into Băile Tușnad but, he says, neither do other Romanian mayors in search of advice. Many politicians and businessmen are deep in corrupt forestry deals. The U.S. and EU’s plans for postwar Ukraine include building a “circular road through the Carpathians” to open the mountains for further development. The oligarchs will build ski resorts “where the playboys and playgirls of the new Ukraine will glide effortlessly at high speed, while their brothers, or uncles, sit bitterly at home in wheelchairs.” Old-growth forests make new money, and slow food comes second to a quick buck.